Answer: Beauty is largely seen as subjective—shaped by personal experiences, cultural influences, and individual tastes. While some argue for objective standards, the prevailing view is that beauty varies from one observer to another.

Plato believed in an ideal, objective form of beauty beyond the physical world, while David Hume argued that beauty is a matter of personal taste in his essay “Of the Standard of Taste.” Immanuel Kant, in his Critique of Judgment, proposed that although judgments of beauty are subjective, they carry a claim to universal validity, reflecting a unique interplay between personal feeling and common sense. Friedrich Nietzsche also examined beauty, often linking it to broader cultural and existential themes.

Contemporary thinkers expand the discussion by incorporating cultural, institutional, and experiential dimensions. For instance, Arthur Danto reexamined art’s evolution and the role of interpretation in shaping beauty, suggesting that aesthetic judgment is intertwined with historical context. George Dickie’s institutional theory of art highlights how cultural frameworks and institutions define and influence beauty standards. Richard Shusterman, through his work on somaesthetics, argues that bodily experience and personal engagement significantly shape our perception of beauty, merging subjective experience with critical reflection. These approaches illustrate that modern discussions of beauty move beyond traditional subjectivity to embrace complex cultural and embodied factors.